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| Currently modern facade buildings rely on glazed curtain wall systems. These systems include either singular aluminium alloy frame glass curtain walls or frameless glass curtain walls. This is the case of the so called spider fixing systems, which are pointed supported.
| Melting glass is a very energy intensive process, with process temperatures of more than 1600°C required to melt the raw materials in the furnace.
| In the façade industry, glass panes have been bonded to aluminium frames with UV-resistant silicone adhesives for 40 years with almost unchanged mechanical strength.
| The paper shows that the residual stress at the surface of tempered glass panels may vary both locally and globally, i.e., stresses near the edges and corners of the panels may be considerably different from the stresses in the middle part of the panels.
| The canopies are a composite construction between both steel and glass, leaving no element without stress or structural function.